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简介1.高考英语语法:高中英语语法-语法·同位语从句用法小结(2)2.高考英语语法:高中英语语法-插入语六大用法小结3.高考日语常见语法解析说明(一)4.高考英语语法主要考哪些5.高考英语语法: 独立主格结构的七种形式6.怎么学英语语法,,,高考使用高考英语语法:英语分词的逻辑主语 一、弄清什么是分词的逻辑主语分词属非谓语动词,即不用作谓语的动词,所以它没有真正的主语。但是,分词作为动词的一种形式,
1.高考英语语法:高中英语语法-语法·同位语从句用法小结(2)
2.高考英语语法:高中英语语法-插入语六大用法小结
3.高考日语常见语法解析说明(一)
4.高考英语语法主要考哪些
5.高考英语语法: 独立主格结构的七种形式
6.怎么学英语语法,,,高考使用
高考英语语法:英语分词的逻辑主语
一、弄清什么是分词的逻辑主语
分词属非谓语动词,即不用作谓语的动词,所以它没有真正的主语。但是,分词作为动词的一种形式,它应有自己理论上或逻辑上的主语,即逻辑主语。如:
I often hear him singing this song. 我经常听他唱这首歌。(him 是singing的逻辑主语)
Hearing the news, he couldn’t help crying. 听到这消息,他禁不住哭了。(he是hearing的逻辑主语)
若用的是过去分词或现在分词的被动式,则上面提到的逻辑主语实为“逻辑宾语”。如:
I often hear this song sung. 我经常听到有人唱这首歌。(this song是sung的逻辑主语,但是sing 的逻辑宾语)
I saw her being taken to the operating room. 我看见她被送到手术室。(her是being taken 的逻辑主语,但是take 的逻辑宾语)
二、弄清分词逻辑主语的易错点
分词作状语,它的逻辑主语通常应是句子的主语,否则会出错。请看下题:
1. Finding her car stolen, ______.
A. a policeman was asked to help
B. the area was searched thoroughly
C. it was looked for everywhere
D. she hurried to a policeman for help
此题答案应选D,因为句首用作状语的现在分词短语finding her car stolen 的逻辑主语应是“她”,而不是a policeman, the area, it 等。
在使用分词的逻辑主语时还要注意根据句意判断是主动还是被动。如:
2. _____ many times, he still didn’t understand it.
A. Having been told B. Though to be told
C. Having told D. He was told
根据句意,he 与 tell 应是被动关系。从时间上看,应该是“被告诉”在先,“没有理解”在后,故选A。比较下题由于句中用了并列连词but,情况有所不同:
3. _____ many times, but he still didn’t understand it.
A. Having been told B. Though he was told
C. To have been told D. He was told
此题答案选D,句中的并列连词 but 表明整个句子为并列句,同时表明 but 前应是一个独立的句子,而不能是一个非谓语动词短语(所以不能选A或C)。
三、弄清分词逻辑主语的特例
一般说来,分词作状语,它的逻辑主语应与句子主语一致,但事实上有少数例外的特殊情况:
1. 某些表示说话人态度的一些惯用分词表达,它们在用作状语时其逻辑主语可以与句子主语不一致。如:
Generally speaking, women live longer than men. 一般说来,女人比男人活得长。
Judging from what you say, he ought to succeed. 从你的话看,他应当能成功。
Considering the distance, he arrived very quickly. 考虑到路程,他到达得很快。
Taking everything into consideration, you should leave. 考虑到各种因素,你离开。(from www.nmet168.com)
2. 当句子含有先行主语it或there时,有时用作状语的分词短语可以与先行主语不一致。如:
Having so little time, there was not much that I could do. 由于时间很少,我能做的事很有限。
Being French, it’s surprising that she’s such a terrible cook. 她是法国人,但她做饭做得那么糟真是令人感到惊奇。
3. 当分词已转化为介词或连词,此时也无需考虑主语一致问题。如:
Supposing she doesn’t come, what shall we do? 要是她不来我们怎么办?(supposing为连词,意为“假若”)
Given their inexperience, they’ve done a good job. 考虑到他们没有经验,这工作已做得很不错了。(given为介词,意为“考虑到”)
4. 当分词暗含的逻辑主语为表示泛指意义的one或you时,也无需考虑主语的一致性问题。如:
In doing such work, patience is needed. 做这种工作需要耐心。(=When one does such work, patience is needed.)
四、弄清分词的独立主格结构
在通常情况下,分词作状语时它的逻辑主语应与句子主语一致,若不一致,则应改用其他句型。如:
误:Crossing the road, a car knocked him down.
正:Crossing the road, he was knocked down by a car. 过马路时他被车撞倒了。
正:When he was crossing the road, a car knocked him down. 他过马路时车子把他撞倒了。
解决状语分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致的问题,也可在分词前加一个名词或代词,使之成为分词的逻辑主语。由于加在分词前的名词或代词要用主格形式,故称分词的独立主格结构。如:
The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。
The weather being fine, we went swimming. 天气很好,我们就去游泳了。
He being absent, nothing couldn’t be done. 由于他缺席,什么事也干不成
高考英语语法:高中英语语法-语法·同位语从句用法小结(2)
高考英语语法:英语双重所有格的用法
1、所谓双重所有格就是指将 -’s 所有格与 of 所有格结合起来一起使用:
a friend of my father’s 我父亲的一位朋友
a photo of Mr Smith’s 史密斯先生的一张照片
2、双重所有格的使用场合:
①当被修饰名词前有指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词或数词等限定词时,一般要用双重所有格:
I don’t like that big nose of David’s. 我不喜欢大卫的那个大鼻子。
Which novel of Dickens’ are you referring to? 你谈的是狄更斯的哪部小说?
Some friends of my brother’s will come. 我兄弟的一些朋友要来。
注被双重所有格修饰名词前有指示代词时,通常带有一定的感彩(如赞赏、不满、厌恶等):
That little daughter of your cousin’s is really a dear. 你表哥的那个小女儿真是逗人爱。(表赞赏)
That daughter of your cousin’s is constantly complaining. 你表哥的那个女儿老是在报怨。(表厌恶)
另外,被双重所有格修饰的名词前可以用不定冠词,但通常不用定冠词:
可以说:a poem of Shelly’s, a novel of Dickens’
不能说:the poem of Shelly’s, the novel of Dickens’
②有时既可用双重所有格也可用 of 所有格,但含义稍有差别。比较:
a photo of Mary’s 玛丽收藏的一张照片
a photo of Mary 玛丽照的一张照片
a criticism of William’s 威廉提出的批评
a criticism of William 对威廉的批评
高考英语语法:高中英语语法-插入语六大用法小结
《高中英语语法-语法·同位语从句用法小结(2)》由liuxue86.com我整理。本内容整理时间为05月12日,如有任何问题请联系我们。
语法?同位语从句用法小结(2)
四、同位语从句的语气
在suggestion,advice,request,order等意为?建议;命令;要求?的名词后,同位语从句中的谓语动词通常用?should +动词原形?的虚拟语气结构,句中的should可以省略。例如:
Our teacher gave us some advice how we(should)use the computer. 老师给我们提出了一些如何使用电脑的建议。
The suggestion came from the chairman that the new rule(should)be adopted. 采纳新规则的建议是主席提出来的。
The gave the order that all these houses(should)be pulled down in three weeks. 政府下令三个星期内所有这些房子都要拆掉。
五、同位语从句与定语从句的用法区别
区别(1)
同位语从句和先行词是同等的关系;而定语从句是用来修饰先行词,是从属的关系。
区别(2)
that在同位语从句中没有词义,不充当句子成分;而在定语从句中充当主语、宾语等句子成分。
区别(3)
whether,what,how可以用来引导同位语从句;而它们不能用来引导定语从句。
区别(4)
1. 从词义角度看问题
who,whom,which,when,where,why用来引导同位语从句是保持原来疑问词的含义;它们用来引导定语从句时,不具有疑问词的含义。
2. 从搭配角度看问题
who,whom,which,when,where,why用来引导定语从句时对应性很强,如:
先行词是?人?,引导词用?who?等,而它们引导同位语从句是先行词通常是?question,idea,doubt等?。
六、典型例题
例1:I have no idea when he will be back.
析:he will be back意义不完整,应加?什么时候?的含义才能表达idea的全部内容,因此应用when引导同位语从句。
例2:I have no impression how he went home,perhaps by bike.
析:he went home意义不完整,应加?如何?的含义才能表达impression的全部内容,因此应用how引导同位语从句。
例3:Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.(NMET2001上海)
A.while B.that C.when D.as
析:答案为B.more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities是Information的内容,且Information不在从句中作成分,所以该句为同位语从句。应将该句区别于:
It is said that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities,this is the information ____ has been put forward.
A.what B.that C.when D.as
析:答案为B.that has been put forward为information的修饰性定语,且information在从句中作主语,所以该句为定语从句。
例4:She heard a terrible noise,____ brought her heart into her mouth.(MET91)
A.it B.which C.this D.that
析:答案为B.分析语境含义、句子结构和句子成分可知,该句为非限制性定语从句,先行词为a terrible noise,且它在从句中作主语。应将该句区别于:
I can?t stand the terrible noise ____ she is crying loudly.
A.it B.which C.this D.that
析:答案为D.she is crying loudly是the terrible noise的内容,且the terrible noise不在从句中作成分,所以该句为同位语从句。
重要链接:同位语从句专项语法习题
[1][2] 《高中英语语法-语法·同位语从句用法小结(2)》由liuxue86.com我整理
高考日语常见语法解析说明(一)
《高中英语语法-插入语六大用法小结》由英语我整理,更多请访问:。本内容整理时间为05月12日,如有任何问题请联系我们。
插入语六大用法小结
在英语学习中,插入语是一个比较重要的知识点。由于插入语是一种独立成分,通常与句中其他成分没有语法上的关系,许多同学在学习过程中会有一定的困难。其实,插入语大都是对一句话进行附加说明或解释,通常由一个词、一个短语或一个句子构成,常置于句首、句中或句末,一般用逗号或破折号与句子隔开。下面举例归纳插入语的几种用法。
例1 _____the more expensive the camera, the better its quality.
A.General speaking B.Speaking general
C.Generally speaking D.Speaking generally
解析:本题答案为C.generally speaking为分词短语,意思是?一般来说?,在句中用作插入语。
小结:许多分词短语可以用作插入语,这样的分词短语有:strictly speaking(严格地说),generally considering(一般认为), judging from?(根据?判断)等。
例2 Two middle-aged passengers fell into the sea. ____,neither of them could swim.
A.In fact B.Luckily
C.Unfortunately D.Naturally
解析:本题答案为C.unfortunately为副词,意思是?令人遗憾地,不巧,可惜?,在句中用作插入语。
小结:常用作插入语的副词或副词短语有:indeed(的确),surely(无疑),however(然而),frankly(坦率地说),obviously(显然),naturally(天然地),luckily (happily) for sb.(算某人幸运),fortunately(幸好),strangely(奇怪),briefly(简单地说)等。
例3 Your performance in the driving test didn?t reach the required standard,_____, you failed.
A.in the end B.after all
C.in other words D.at the same time
解析:本题答案为C.in other words为介词短语,意思是?换句话说?,在句中用作插入语。
小结:常用作插入语的介词短语有:in conclusion(总之),in a word(简而言之),in short(简而言之),in general(一般说来),in a sense(在某种意义上),in my view(在我看来),in his opinion(按照他的看法),in fact(事实上),at first(首先), in addition(此外),of course(当然),to my surprise(使我惊奇的),to her regret(使她遗憾的),for example(例如)等。
例4 It is so nice to hear from her._____,we last met more than thirty years ago.
A.What?s more B.That is to say
C.In other words D.Believe it or not
解析:本题答案为D.believe it or not为一分句,意思是?信不信由你?,在句中作插入语。
小结:用简短的句子结构作插入语,它们常置于句中或句末。这类简短的句子有:I am sure(我可以肯定地说),I believe(我相信),do you know(你知道吗),you see(你明白),I?m afraid(恐怕),it is said(据说),I suppose(我想),what?s more(而且),what?s worse(更糟糕的是),that is(也就是说),what is important(重要的是)等。
例5 _____ with you,I have no money to spare.
A.To be frank B.What?s more
C.In addition D.However
解析:本题答案为A.to be frank为不定式短语,意思是?坦率地说?,在句中用作插入语。
小结:常用作插入语的不定式短语有:to be sure(无疑地),to sum up(概括地说),to tell the truth(老实说)等。
例6 _____, he should have done such a thing.
A.Speaking general B.Strange to say
C.Luckily D.Of course
解析:本题答案为B.strange to say为形容词短语,意思是?说也奇怪?,在句中用作插入语。
小结:常用作插入语的形容词或其短语有:true(真的),funny(真可笑),needless to say(不用说),most important of all(最为重要),worse still(更糟糕的),even better(更好)等。
试题设计
1._____, he often forgot to turn off the lights.
A.Even better B.Strange C.However D.Fortunately
2.Greenland, _____ island in the world,covers over two million square kilometers.
A.it is the largest B.that is the largest
C.is the largest D.the largest
3.An awful accident_____,however,occur the other day.
A.does B.did C.has to D.had to
4.Yesterday Jane walked away from the discussion. Otherwise,she ____ something she would regret later.
A.had said B.said C.might say D.might have said
5.Boris has brains. In fact,I doubt whether anyone in the class has ____IQ.
A.a high B.a higher C.the higher D.the highest
6.Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, _____,of course,made the others envy him.
A.who B.that C.what D.which
7._____ the general state of his health,it may take him a while to recover from the operation.
A.Given B.To give C.Giving D.Having given
8._____,success results from hard work.
A.Worse still B.Sure enough
C.To sum up D.What?s worse
9.As I know,there is _____ car in this neighborhood.
A.no such B.no a C.not such D.no such a
10.He made another wonderful discovery, _____ of great importance to science.
A.which I think is B.which I think it is
C.which I think it D.I think which is
11.One day, _____,Newton saw an apple fall from a tree.
A.to sum up B.what?s more C. it is said D.in addition
参考答案
1~5 BDBDB 6~11 DACAAC 《高中英语语法-插入语六大用法小结》由英语我整理,更多请访问: style="font-size: 18px;font-weight: bold;border-left: 4px solid #a10d00;margin: 10px 0px 15px 0px;padding: 10px 0 10px 20px;background: #f1dada;">高考英语语法主要考哪些
1、~あげく(に)
..的最后(表消极的不好的结果)
接续:
①、动词た形(动词过去式),名词の+あげくに
例:考えたあげくに、仕事を辞めることにしました。
2、~あまり
过于··太··甚··或因过于··而··
前项超出限度引起后项结果,不接意志性表现
接续:
①、名词の+あまり
例:感激のあまり泣き出した。译:感动哭了(因过于感动而哭了)
②、あまり+イ形的连用形(形容词连用形)
例:あまりの寒さに震え上がる。译:冷到发抖(因太冷而开始发抖)
注意:イ形去[い]+[さ]名词化
3、~以上(は)
既然只要(否定)只要不..就不..
1.下决心做某事
2.既然未发生的事情已经发生了,就..
3.ない以上..ない
接续:
①动词、イ形连体形(形容词)+以上は
例:お金がない以上は、我慢するしかない。
译:既然没钱,就只好忍耐了。
②ナ形词干(形容动词词干)、名词+である+以上は
例:学生である以上は、よく勉强すべきだ
译:既然是学生就应该好好学习。
4、~上(で)
在..之后在...基础上,再..动作的先后顺序
在A基础之上进行B,A动作为准备铺垫,前后文主语相同,[上で]=[てから]
接续:
名词+の+上で、动词た形(动词过去式)+上で
例:机械の说明书を読んだ上で、操作する。
译:读了说明书之后再操作机器。
5、~上(に)
不仅··而且··表累加
接续:
ナ形容词(形容词)+な+上に、イ形容词(形容词)/动词简体
例:この文章は汉字の间违いが多い上に、文法の间违いも多いので、何を书いているのかよく分からない。
译:这篇文章不仅错别字多,而且语法也错了很多,因此我不知道他想表达什么。
6、~上は
既然··就··
下决心做某事,后项理所应当做什么
(既然)未发生的事情已经发生了
接续:
动词原形/动词た形(过去式)+上で
例:规则が改正された上は、今までのやり方は変えなければならないだろう。
译:既然修改了规则,就要改变之前的做法。
7、~うちに
1.在..之内2.在..期间3.趁着..接表示段时间意味的词汇,区分于「间に」(接瞬间动词),分句接意志形
接续:
名词、イ形容词(形容词)+うちに/ナ形容词(形容动词)+な+うちに
例:温かいうちに、食べて下さい。译:趁热吃
暇なうちに、游びに来てください。译:有空来玩
8、(よ)うとする
想要..尝试做某事
接续:
动词意志形+とする
例:一生悬命勉强して希望校に合格しようとする。
译:拼命学习想要考上理想学校。
高考英语语法: 独立主格结构的七种形式
一、非谓语动词
“非谓语动词”可分为动词不定式、动名词和分词。它在句子中的作用很多:除了不作谓语外,它可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语与复合宾语(主语补语或宾语补语)。有些及物动词后面接不带to的不定式作复合宾语。这些动词归纳如下:一感(feel).二听(hear,listen to),三让(have,1et, make),四看(see,watCh,notice,observe)。再加上help somebody(to)do something和美国英语look at somebody do somthing。还有“二让”属特殊:get somebody to do something 与keep somebody doing。而有些及物动词后面接动名词(the -ing form)作宾语。这些动词归纳为一句话:Papa C makes friends。这是由如下动词的开头字母组成:permit,advise, practise,avoid,consider,mind, allow,keep,enjoy,suggest, finish,risk,imagine,escape,need,delay,stand(忍受)。 为了容易记住,也可以编成顺口溜:“允许完成练习,建议避免冒险,考虑延期逃跑,喜欢保持想象,需要反对忍受”。其相对应的动词依次是:permit/allow,finish,practise;
advise/suggest, avoid,risk: consider, delay, escape/miss; enjoy/appreciate, keep, imagine; need/want/require,mind. can't help/can’t stand。
二、复合句
1、学生最容易混淆的是定语从句与同位语从句的区别。
例如:A、The news that our team has won the match is true. (同位语从句)
B、The news that he told us surprised everybody here. (定语从句)
关键的区别在于连接或关系代词that:有意义的是定语, 无意义的是同位。因为引导定语从句的that在从句中作主语或 宾语,而引导同位语从句的that只起到连接词的作用。
2、接着容易混淆的是引导定语从句的关系代词that与 which:that之前是不定(代词)、序数(词)、(形容词)最高级:which之前是介词短语与逗号(非限制性)。
例如:A、All that we have to do is to practise every day.
B、The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.
C、I have lost my pen,which I like very much.
D、The house in front of which there is a garden is my home.
三、It的用法
1、It除了代替人和物以外,还可以作形式主语。而真正的主语(不定式、动名词或从句)则放于谓语或表语之后。
例如:It is nor easy to finish the work in two days.
然而有少数表语之后接动名词作真正的主语。这些表语是:无助(no help)、无用(no use)、没好处(no good);工作(hard work)、费时(a waste of time)、又危险(a danger)。
例如:A、It is no use crying over spilt milk.
B、It is a waste of time waiting for him.
2、It还可以作形式宾语。通常下列动词后面可接it作形式宾语:2f2tcjm(find,feel,think,take,consider,judge, make)。
例如:A、He made it clear that he was not interested in this subject.
B、I think it no use arguing with him.
3、It用于强调句式。要强调句子的某一部分(主语、宾语、 状语),可以把it当作先行词。这种句子的结构是:It is(was)+ 被强调部分+that(who)+句子的其余部分。
例如:A、It iS Professor Lin who teaches us English—(强调主语)
B、It was in Shanghai that l saw the film.—(强调状语)
C、It was in 1990 that I worked in the factory.(同上)
但要注意与定语从句的区别。
例如:D、It was 1990 when I worked in the factory.(定语从句)
在强调句式里,我们把强调结构It is(was)…that除去,句子还很完整。如例句C。而例句D就不能。
四、倒装结构
学生容易混淆的是全部倒装与部分倒装。如何区分之,编个顺口溜:副(adv.)介(prep.)提前全倒装,其它句式部分倒;否定提前倒助动,让步状语倒表语;复合句式倒主句,不
倒装的属特殊。下面举例说明:
A、Here comes the bus.(副词提前,全倒装)
B、Here he comes.(代词作主语,不倒装)
C、In front of the house lies a garden.(介词短语提前,全倒装)
D、Never shall I do this again.(否定词提前,部分倒装)
E、Young as he is ,he knows a lot.(让步状语从句,表语倒装)
F、Only when he told me did I realize what trouble he was in.(only 修饰状语,主句倒装)
G、Only he can save the patient.(only修饰主语.不倒装)
H、Not only will help be given to people,but also medical treatment will be provided.(否定词提前,部分倒装)
I、Not only he but also we like sports.(连接两个主语,不倒装)
五、虚拟语气
虚拟语气也是一个难点。所谓虚拟语气是表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议,而不表示客观存在的事实。它通过句子的谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。现归纳如下:纯假设,用虚拟,动词时态退一级:条件句,分主从,主句谓语前加would (should,could,might);表愿望,用虚拟,wish后面接宾语(从句):现在过去与将来,动词时态退一级:提建议,用虚拟,宾语(从句)动词用(should)do:俩建议,三要求,再加坚持与命令(suggest,advise,demand,require,request,insist,order):It is time和eoukd rather,后接丛句用虚拟:部分主语从句中, 谓语用虚拟结构 (It is necessry /important/natural/natural/strange/strange that……should do)。 下面举例说明:
A、If you came tomorrow,we would have the metting. (条件句虚拟)
B、Without air,there would be no living things.(同上)
C、We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.(表示愿望虚拟)
D、He demanded that we (should)start right away.(表示建议虚拟)
E、It is(high)time that we left (should leave)now.(特殊从句虚拟)
F、I would rather you gave me the book.(同上)
G、It is necessary that we should clean the room everyday,(主语从句虚拟)
H、He speaks English so fluently as if he were English. (特殊从句虚拟)
总之,语法是从语言实践中总结出来的规则,要边学边寻找规律,以提高学习效率。在学习中不能只记一些语法规则,要进行实践练习。通过练习,可以发现和纠正错误,而且有利于况固所学知识。
怎么学英语语法,,,高考使用
高考英语语法:独立主格结构的七种形式
1. 名词(代词)+现在分词
The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后,我们就回家了。
We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假设天气好,我们就进行比赛。
The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off. 班长病了,我们还是延期开会吧。
2. 名词(代词)+过去分词
The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。
The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 最后一班公车已经走了,我们必须走路回家。
More time given, we should have done the job much better. 如果给我们更多的时间,我们会把工作做得更好。
3. 名词(代词)+不定式
Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来,我们将把会议推迟到下周。
So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他,他一定会成功的。
4. 名词(代词)+介词短语
The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。
A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了,手里拿着书。
He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着,眼睛望着她的背影。
5. 名词(代词)+形容词或副词
He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排,嘴半开着。
She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 她坐在桌前,衣领已解掉,头低了下来,拿好钢笔,准备开始写一封长信。
6. There being +名词(代词)
There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做,我们就回家了。
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了,我宣布散会。
7. It being +名词(代词)
It being Christmas, the offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故,政府机关都休息。
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日,所有商店都关门了。
注:独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。如:
Don’t sleep with the windows open. 别开着窗睡觉。
He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低着头站在老师面前。
He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。
She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。
He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。
I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病,我无法去度假。
He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。
I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服,我无法出去了
日期:2015年9月1日
了解英语语法规则是学好英语的首要途径及重要关键
精通英文三大要素:①语音+②语法+③词汇
★ ★★序言:英语语法:①词法+②句法
① 词法:研究的是各种词的形式及其用法
②句法:研究的句子成分,语序,语气,语态,结构,以及句子的种类
★★★词法中的10大词性:
实词:具有完整意思并在句子中可独立担任句子某个成分的词叫实词
虚词:不具有完整意思不能独立担任句子成分词叫虚词
实词:① 名词;②动词;③形容词;④数词;⑤副词;⑥代词
虚词:① 冠词;②感叹词;③介词;④连词
★ ★★句法中的11大句子成分:
5大主要成分:⑴主语 ⑵谓语 ⑶宾语 ⑷表语 ⑸补语
6个次要成分:⑹定语 ⑺状语语 ⑻同位语⑼称呼语 ⑽插入语⑾感叹语
一10大词性的分类/定义/用法
词是组成句,篇,章的最基本元素,英语中的单词根据词义、句法作用和形式特征所作的分类,可以归纳成十种。
英语名称
定义(作用) /以及相关例句
例词
名词
Noun(n.)
定义:表示人或事物,地点,以及抽象等概念的名称的词(表示宇宙万事万物的名称的词)
① The book is so interesting .
这本书很有趣
② China is a great country .
中国是一个伟大的国家
③ I have a beautiful desk 我有一张漂亮书桌.
④ I have some bread 我有一些面包.
⑤ There is much meat in the fridge.
冰箱里有很多肉
China 中国(专有名词)
长城the Great Wall
书book;(可数名词)
桌子desk(可数名词)
student学生(可数名词)
rice米饭(不可数名词)
milk牛奶(不可数名词)
bread面包(不可数名词)
water 水(不可数名词)
meat肉(不可数名词)
代词
Pronoun (pron.)
用来代替人或者事物的词等
① This is my mother and that is my father
这个是我妈妈,那个是我爸爸
② These are books and those are pens
这些是书那些是钢笔.
③ I am from China and you are from USA
我I ,你you ,她she,
他he;我的my;
你的your;他的his
我自己myself, himself
this 这,these这些;
that那,those那些
数词
Numeral (num.)
表示数量或顺序的词.
① I have two apples .我有两个苹果
② This is the second apple 这是第二个苹果
③ I want the third apple我想要第三个苹果
④ Tom is his father’s fourth child
汤姆是他爸爸的第四个孩子.
⑤ There are forty five students in our class
我们班有45个学生.
one一; first第一
two二,第二second
three三, 第三third
four 四 fourth 第四
five 五 fifth 第五
six 六 , sixth 第六
seven 七, seventh 第七
eight 八, eighth 第八
形容词
Adjective(adj.)
用来修饰名词表示人或事物的特点,特征,性质.①This is a safe place 这是一个安全地方
②That is a dangerous place 那是个危险地方
③This is a beautiful house 这是栋漂亮房子
④He is a great man 他是一个伟大的人.
⑤ My father is handsome 我爸爸很英俊.
⑥ Pigs are ugly 猪是丑陋的.
safe安全的;
great伟大的
dangerous危险的,
beautiful 漂亮的
handsome 英俊的
ugly丑陋的(形容词一般作表语,定语,补语.)
冠词
Article (art.)
用在名词前,帮助说明名词所指的人或事物的词①This is an apple 这是一个苹果.(表示泛指)
②That is a pen 那是一支钢笔.(表示泛指)
③The book is mine 这书是我的书.(表示特指)
④.The book has a red cover.(前特指,后数量)
这个书有一个红色的封面 .
⑤ She slept for an hour 她睡了1小时(表数量)
⑥She takes the medicine twice a day
她每天吃两次药(a 表示每一相当于each,every)
不定冠词an
用在元音发音单词前表示一个:(表示泛指;数量;每一)
不定冠词a,表示泛指,数量;每一)
用在辅音发音的单词前表示一个
the(这个,那个)特指.
动词
Verb (v.)
表示人或事物的动作或状态的词.
①Tom eats a lot of food every day
汤姆每天都要吃很多东西
③ We often speak English in class
我们经常在课堂上讲/说英文.
④ I saw a moving movie yesterday
我昨天看了一部感人的**
eat吃; have有;run跑
sing 唱歌
play打/玩/弹奏
walk行走*步行
see 看见/明白
hear听见
speak说话/讲话
副词
Adverb (adv.)
用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,表示动作或形状的特性;特征以及特点的词.
例如:She speaks quickly 她说话快
例如:Tom walks slowly 汤姆走路慢
例如:He is so tall 他很高
例如:He often goes to the park.
他经常去公园.
hard艰苦地;
early早地
carefully仔细地
quickly快速地
here这里;那里there
often经常;
always总是,一直
介词
Preposition (prep.)
用在名词、代词等前面,说明句子中词与词之间的一种空间和时间上的方位关系的词The cat under the bed is sleeping
床下面的那只猫正在睡觉
① The book on the table is red
桌子上的那本书是红色的
② There is a big tree behind our house
在我们家房子后面有一棵大树.
④There is a blackboard in the front of the classroom(在教室前面有一块黑板)
in在...里;on在…上面
behind 在…后面
in front of 在..前面
above 在… 斜上面
below 在..斜下面
over 在…正上面
under..在..正下面
in the front of..
在…内部的前面位置
连词
Conjunction (conj.)
用来连接词、短语或以及句子的词
① Tom and I are in the same class.
汤姆和我在同一个班
② He is very clever, but he is so lazy
他很聪明,但是他很懒惰
③ Did you go to Beijing by train or by plane
你是乘坐火车还是飞机去的北京?
④ Are you a teacher or a doctor ?
你是一个医生还是一个老师?
and和; (表示并列)
but但是;(表转折)
or 或者,还是(表选择)
for 表示原因.由于..
because 表示原因
因为..
since 自从…
if 表示条件,如果..
感叹词
Interjection (interj.)
表示说话时的强烈情感或口气的词
Oh my God..! That plane crashed
Hello喂; why呃,嘿;oh哦,aha 啊哈
第一章名词
名词学习7大要点
1名词定义:表示人,事物,地方,以及抽象概念名称的词
2名词分类:可分为①专有名词+ ②普通名词
3名词单复数:单数变为复数共计13种变化规则,一定要牢记
4名词所有格:①表示所有;②时间; ③现象;④国家;⑤等量;⑥主谓;⑦动宾;⑧修饰;⑨同位;⑩固定搭配以及人类活动
5名词的修饰词:①可数名词修饰词;②不可数名词修饰词
6名词的性别:①阳性词;②阴性词
7名词在句中中当各种成分①主语;②表语;③宾语;④定语;⑤补语;⑥同位语;⑦状语;⑧称呼语
备注:①②③⑥ 是名词主要用法,因此可以引出4种以后要学习名词性从句 ①主语从句;②表语从句;③宾语从句;④同位语从句
第一章(名词)
一名词的定义及种类
名词是表示人、事物,地点以及抽象概念的名称的词。名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。
① 表示人的名称:Tom; Mary; Jack; Tony
② 表示事物名称:pen; apple ; book ; door
③ 表示地点名称:Beijing; Shanghai; Guangzhou;
④ 表示抽象名称:peace和平; happiness幸福; sadness悲伤
6大实词充当句子各种成分精讲
充当句子各种成分不同形式归纳
日期:2015年9月1日
一六大实词充当句子不同成分
一名词 表示人,事物,地点,以及抽象概念名称的词叫名词
①作主语
Honesty is the best policy.诚实是上策
Knowledge is power.知识就是力量
People can talk face to face. 人们可以面对面谈话.
Beijing is the capital of China. 北京是中国的首都.
These books will make a lot of patients feel happy.这些书使很多病人感觉很开心.
The bag is in the desk.
Her handwriting is the best in her class.
Water freezes below zero.
No news is good news.
No man can do two things at once.
The apple is red
备注:名词化形容词也可以作主语
The sick and the old need our help.
The wounded should be sent to hospital at once
②作宾语
She likes English very much. 她非常喜欢英语.
He loves his family very much. 她非常爱他的家人.
Chinese people eat with chopsticks.中国人用筷子吃饭.
If you don’t make money, no one is going to give it to you.
How can we practice our spoken English?
I washed my clothes yesterday.
Mary lives with her parents.
Many people died from the accident.
The skirt is made of silk
Teenagers today are facing lots of pressure.
You are supposed to focus your attention on your own work.
③作表语
English is an international language. 英语是一门国际语言.
This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 这是一本英汉字典.
My father is a famous scientist. 我爸爸是一名著名科学家.
My mother is a housewife.
She remained an assistant for several years.
Today is Sunday.
This is a good book.
Mary has become a lawyer.
Water shortage is still the biggest problem in western China
④作同位语
One of my good friends, Tom, is also there.
我的其中一位好朋友,汤姆,也在那里.
We have two foreign teachers, a Canadian and an American.
This is my eldest daughter, Mary这是我的大女儿,玛丽.
Jack, an American people, is our English teacher.
捷克,一个美国人,是我们的英语老师.
A young man once asked Albert Einstein, the great scientist, what the secret of success is .
We teenagers should face the difficulty bravely.
Our monitor ,Jack ,is a good student.
The small desks and chairs are for us students.
Mr Zhang, our manager , has gone to Beijing.
Bird flu, a new disease, has no effective cure.
⑤补足语(宾语补足语)
We call the boy Tom.我们叫这个男孩子汤姆.
The boy is called Tom by us.(主语补足语)
They call the girl Mary.他们叫这个女孩玛丽
=The girl is called Mary by them.
We all call him Captain Sun.我们叫他为孙船长
The parents named their son Mike.父母给他们的孩子取名麦克
We elected him our monitor.我们选他做我们班长.
He was appointed secretary.他被任命为秘书.
He regarded me as his best friend.他把我看作他最好的朋友.
He was elected monitor of our class.他被选作我们班长.
We are making our school a beautiful garden. 我们正在使我们学校变成一个漂亮花园.
Mike is considered as a good monitor. 迈克被认为是一个好班长.
We are sparing no effort to make our country a developed country.
Charlie Chaplin is considered a great actor, director and editor.
⑥作定语
This is a stone table.这是一张石头桌子
The apple tree is very tall.这棵苹果树非常高
There are thirty women teachers and twenty men teachers.
Tom is playing computer games in the room.
This is a dress shop.
She likes reading war stories.
This is a gold watch
In the south of China, there are many banana trees.
The old man suffered from heart trouble
She likes helping her mother with farm work.她喜欢帮助他们妈妈做农活.
⑦作状语
The storm lasted thirty minutes.这个暴风雨持续了30分钟.
The box weighs fifty kilograms这个箱子重50公斤.
She weighs one hundred pounds.
We should serve people heart and soul.
The meeting lasted two hours.
They study hard day and night
The meeting lasted an hour.
Come this way
⑧作称呼语
Will Aunt come to us, Daddy?
Come on, friend.
Mum, Can you give me something to eat? I am so hungry
Hurry, kids
Open the door, Wei Fang.
I am coming to answer the door, mum.
Ladies and gentlemen, I have got an important announcement to make.
Hi, everyone! Allow me to introduce myself.(代词作称呼语)
Look out, John! There is a car running over